ieMglYNz dIaF aKbfrF ivwc 19 vIN sdI dy dUjy awD ivwc ieh
KLbr Cwp geI ik iswK kOm Kqm ho rhI hY, aqy afAuNdy 25 sflF qk jd iksy ny iswK
dy drsLn krny hoxgy qF Aus nUM ajfieb Gr ivwc kyvl Poto hI imlxgIaF. ieMJ Auh
ilKdy vI ikAuN nf, jdoN mhfrfjf rxjIq isMwG vyly isMGF dI igxqI iek kroV qoN vI
vD sI, pr 1881 dI mrdwm sLumfrI muqfibk ldpg 18 lK rih geI sI . so, aYsf iKafl
suBfvk sI; pr AuhnF nUM kI pqf sI ik ijs kOm dy bfry Auh 1881 ivwc ilwK rhy hn,
Auh kyvl 38 sflF bfad AuhnF nfl twkr lvygI qy AuhnF nUM eIn mnvf ky sfh lvygI pr
ieh hoieaf iks qrFH ? ies mhfn sfky df hIro kOx hY ?
Auqr,-igafnI idwq isMG jI hn .
sfzI kOm vI inrflI hY. ijMnHI spwsLt gurmiq-ivcfrDfrf aqy
inafrfpn gurU sfihbfn ny ies nUM idqf hY; AunHI hI ieh BrmF, ivhmF ivwc PLs ky
afpxI hoNd leI KLqrf pYdf kr rhI hY. awj dI qF gwl hI Cwzo awj qoN 150 sfl pihlF
vI iesy hI bImfrI ivwc PsI peI sI .
akfl purK byaMq hY. jdoN vI kOm qy BIV afAuNdI hY, Auh Kflsy
nUM BIVf rUpI agnI ivwcoN sonf bxfky kZwdf afieaf hY. Aus smyN kOm df vwzf ihwsf
snfqnI bx cukf sI. gurmiq qoN axjfx ho ky Tyzy Kf rhy sI aqy sfhhIx hoieaf ipaf
sI . Aus smyN ies nUM aMgryjLF dI gulfmI, bhu igxqI dy pRBfv aqy gurU zMm ny af
Gyiraf sI . kOm Put df isLkfr vI hoeI sI. aYsy ibpqf Bry smyN ivwc ig: idq isMG
jI hr muhfjL Auqy zt gey. kI snfqnI, kI afrIaf smfjI, kI gurduafiraF dy pujfrI,
swB nfl twkr lY ky igafnI jI ny kOm nUM afpxy pYrF Auqy KVfH kr idwqf. afE,
ienFH dy jIvn qoN kuJ isKIey qy kOm nUM kuMBkrnI nINd ivwcoN jgfAux df Auprflf
krIey.
igafnI idq isMG jI df jnm 21 aprYl 1852 nMU pitaflf irafsq dy
ngr anMdpur klOV ivwc BfeI idvfn isMG jI dy Gr ivwc hoieaf. afp CotI Aumr qoN hI
bihs mubfihisaF ivwc rucI rKx lg pey sn aqy vfihgurU ny ieMnIH ibbyk-buDI bKLsLI
sI ik Koty Kwry ivwc sihjy hI inKyVf kr lYNdy sn. afp dI ies lgn qy iKaflF nUM
vyK ky afp dy ipqf BfeI idvfn isMG jI ny afp nUM afpxy iek sqsMgI gulfb dfsIey
mhfqmf gurbKsL isMG jI dy zyry, ipMz iqAuV, ijlf aMbflf ivwKy 10 ku sfl dI Aumr
ivwc hI Byj idwqf. mhfqmf jI ny qIKr buDI dy asr nUM kbUilaF, ikAuNik AunFH
vyiKaf ik afp awKrI igafn Jt hI gRihx krI jf rhy hn. gurbfxI dy kuJ gRMQ, ijvyN
pMj gRMQI, ds gRMQI, BfeI gurdfs jI dIaF vfrF, Bgq bfxI afid nUM do ku sflF ivwc
hI pVH ilaf aqy ienHF dy arQ qy BfvF nUM vI smJx ivwc ksr nf rhI. afp ieMny
imhnqI qy cMgy buDI vfly sfbq hoey ik pMj Cy sflF ivwc hI AurdU aqy pMjfbI dy
nfl ipMgl ivafkrx, vydFq aqy rfjnIqI dy vI ikMny hI gRMQF df aiDaYn kr ilaf.
17-18 sfl dI Aumr ivwc afp jI dIaF ipMgl, ivafkrx qy ivdFqk bihsF dIaF DuMmF pY
geIaF.
igafnI idq isMG jI jd kfPI ividaf pRfpq kr cuwky qF gulfbdfsI
sMqF dI ieiCaf anusfr AunFH dy lfhOr vfly pRisD zyry ivwc af gey. cwiTaF vfly dy
sMq dysf isMG jI dI sMgq nfl afp hux sfDF vfly PkIrI ilbfs dy DfrnI ho gey qy
swB qoN pihlF afp ny gulfb dfsIaF dy pRcfrk dy qOr hI lokF dIaF mIitMgF ivwc
afpxy lYkcr idwqy.
ies smyN pMjfb ivwc aMgryjL pUry jLor nfl iesfeI mq df pRcfr
kr irhf sI. ies pRcfr dy ivroD ivwc afrIaf smfj dI lihr hoNd ivwc afeI. iswKF ny
afrIaf smfjIaF dI mdwd kIqI, ikAuNik afrIaf smfjI vI mUrqI pUjf nhIN krdy qy
iswK vI mUrqI pUjk nhIN hn. igafnI idwq isMG jI BfeI jvfhr isMG jI dy imqr sn
aqy iehnF dy rFhIN hI suafmI dXf nMd nfl iehnF df sMprk pYdf hoieaf . bcn-iblfs
kIqy hoey qF svfmI dXf nMd jI jfx gey ik ieh sfzy ivruD ho gey hn. AunFH igafnI
jI nUM bhuq jLor lfieaf ik afrIaf smfj dy pRcfr vfsqy sfzf sfQ dyx. igafnI jI
ijnFH gulfbdfsI sMqF dy sB qoN pihly pRcfrk bxy sn, AunFH gurblfsIaF ny hI swB
qoN pihlF afrIaf smfj df pRBfv kbUl krky AunFH dy pYrokfr bxnf pRvfn kr ilaf sI
. igafnI jI vI kuJ icr AuhnF dy pRogrfm muqfibk hI kMm krdy rhy.
ieh smF aMgryj rfj df sI qy iesfaq dy pRcfr leI vwzy vwzy
pfdrI pMjfb ivwc Byjy jf rhy sn. Aus smyN iswK pMQ dI dsLf lUxhrfmI zogiraF dI
aikRqGxqf kfrn 1849 ivwc pMjfb ivwcoN iswK rfj Kqm ho cuwkf sI. ijs dy PlsrUp
kOm ivwc ieMnI afqmhIxqf afeI ik kOm lV KVf geI. mOkf pRsq bxy iswK dubfrf ihMdU
mwq ivwc sLfml hoxy sLurU ho gey sn. sqluj qoN Aurfr vfly iswK srdfr, mhfrfjy
afid qF pihlF hI 1807 eI: ivwc afpxIaF kursIaF Kfqr aMgryjLF dy jI-hjUrIey bx
cuwky sn qy hux sqluj pfr dy iswK afgUaF nUM afpxI jfn bcfAux leI aMgryjLF dI
eIn mMnxI peI qy lgpg sfry afgU BfeI mhfrfj isMG nUM Cwz ky, aMgryjLF dI JolI
ivwc jf pey sn.
mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG dy rfj smyN iswK kOm dI igxqI iek krOV qoN
Aupr sI, pr igafnI idq isMG jI dy smyN qk Gt ky kyvl 18 ku lwK dy lgpg hI rih
geI sI. iswK POjI hux aMgryj dI POj ivwc BrqI hox lg pey sn pr ies dy bfvjUd vI
aMgryjL dI ieh kOisLsL jfrI rhI ik iswKF nUM jQybMdk qOr qy iekTf nf hox idqf
jfvy. iesfeI pRcfr dy nfl nfl afrIaf smfjIaF dy pRcfr ny vI iswK pMQ nUM BfrI
Zfh lfAuxI sLurU kr idqI. 1881 eI: dI mrdm sLumfrI ivwc iswKF dI igxqI kyvl 18lK
53 hjfr 429 rih geI sI.
lfhOr ivwc rihMidaF igafnI jI dI ErIaYNtl kflj dy poR: gurmuK
isMG jI nfl iek vfrI ByNt ho geI. pRoPYsr sfihb bVy sUJvfn, dUr dI socx vfly
guriswK sn. AunFH ny jLor idwqf ik igafnI idq isMG jI ‘igafnI’ dI isiKaf pfs
krn qy iPr ieQy AunHF kol lfhOr ivwc hI rihx. pRo: gurmuK isMG jI dI sMgq dI
bdOlq igafnI jI ny iswKI dy pRBfv nUM kbUl ilaf. afp guriswKI jIvn dy sFcy ivwc
hOlI hOlI Zl gey. gurmiq PlfsPI dy mhfn isDFq ny iehnF dI kfieaf klp kr idwqI.
iek sfl ivwc igafnI pfs kr leI. EdoN igafnI dI BVHfeI ivwc awj vFg inrIaF ikwsy
khfxIaF hI nhIN sn, blik gUVH-igafn df msflf pVHnf pYNdf sI. sRI gurU gRMQ sfihb
dy gUVH BfvF nUM smJx qy afm arQF qoN jFxU hox dI loV pYNdI sI. ies leI AuQy
gurmiq PlfsPI dy lYkcrF df Kfs pRbMD sI. igafnI dI pRIiKaf cMgy nMbrF ivwc pfs
krn AupRMq pRoPYsr gurmuK isMG jI dy jor dyx qy afp AuQy kflj ivwc hI mnuKqf dy
guxf Auqy lYkcr dyx lg pey aqy AudoN qoN afp dI bolx sLkqI ivwc vfDf hox lgf.
iPr afp nUM iksy kflj ivwc hI pwky qOr qy Dfrmk pRoPYsr dI zIAUtI sNONp idwqI
geI. ijs nUM afp ny ieMnI Xogqf nfl inBfieaf ik do ku sflF ivwc hI afp dy hunr
dIaf DuMmF pY geIaF . iek ivdvqf, dUjy pRoPYsr gurmuK isMG jI dI sMgq ny afp dI
pRiswDqf nUM cfr cMn lf idqy. dUjy pfsy afrIaf smfjIaf dI lihr nUM suDfrk qy
eIsfeIaq dy Ault smJ ky iswK, ajy suafmI dXf nMd dy prcfr nUM iswKF leI mfrU
mihsUs krnf sLurU kr idwqf sI; ikAuNik iek qF ienFH dI iPlfsPI iek akfl purK dI
bjfey kyvl kudrq qk hI sIimq sI, qy dUjf muMzn afid dy ieh pwky hfmI sn. iswKF
dI hmfieq ny dXf nMd df kfPI hOslf vDfieaf qy Aus nUM hMkfr dI tIsI qy jf
phuMcfieaf. Auh ( dXf nMd ) afpxy afp nUM rwb hI smJx lwg pieaf qy hryk nfl
bihsF krn lg ipaf. jo jIa afieaf ilKI igaf ieQoN qk ik Aus ny gurU sfihbfn dy
ivruD vI kbol boly qy afpxy grMQ ‘siqafrQ pRkfsL’ ivwc gurU sfihbfn dy ivruD
bhuq gwlq gwlF ilKIaF.
Aus smyN hI nfmDfrI lihr dI iswKF aMdr iek hor bImfrI vI
PYldI jf rhI sI. gurU zMm df vI cMgf bol bflf sI. iek pfsy nfmDfrI dUjy pfsy
inMrkfrI qIjy pfsy gurU aMsLF dy kuJ sfihbjLfdy; bfbf Kym isMG jI bydI afid jo
gurU aMsL ivwcoN sn, Auh hr vyly iehI pRcfr krdy sn.
1873 eI: dy aMq ivc iesfeIaq dy hVH aMdr imsLn skUl aMimRqsr
dy cfr lVky iesfeI bxn lgy sn ik iswK sMgq nUM pqf lg igaf. ies gwl ny iswKF nUM
tuMb idqf. so iswK muKIaF vwloN ies bImfrI dI rok Qfm leI 1874 eI: ivwc hI,
aMimRqsr ivwc, sRI gurU isMG sBf kfiem kr leI.
ijvyN ies smyN afr: aYs: aYs: qy hor ihMdU ktV pfrtIaF iswKF
nUM ihMdU hI smJdy hn; AuvNyN hI NDrm pRcfr dI axhoNd kfrn, afm iswK nUM ihMdUaF
df ihsf smJ rhy sn. so, suafmI dy pRcfr kfrn iswK DVfDV piqq hox lgy. ies Dfrimk
hmly nUM rokx leI kOm drdI mYdfn ivc Auqr afey. keI guriswKF dI imhnq qy idRVqf
sdkf Aus smyN isMG sBf dI mhfn lihr vjUd ivc afeI. igafnI idq isMG jI ny Aus
smyN afrIaf smfjI suafmI nfl twkr leI qy gurmwq dy atwl asUlF nfl Aus nUM qkVI
hfr idqI. igafnI jI ny iqMn vfr suafmI nfl bihs kIqI qy iqMny vfr Aus nUM hfr
idqI.
1874 eI: ivc aMimRqsr sB qoN pihly isMG sBf bxI; pr keIaF
kfrnf krky iZwlI pY geI sI. 1878 eI: ivc lfhOr vI isMG sBf kfiem ho geI qy ies
dy moZI pR: gurmuK isMG qy igafnI idq isMG jI sn. 1880 eI: ivc swB qoN pihly
gurmuKI df aKbfr lfhOr isMG sBf dy pRbMD hyT inkilaf, ijs ivwc pRo: gurmuK isMG
qy igafnI idq isMG jI dy mjLmUn inklny sLurU hoey, ijnFH ny iehnF iKaflF nUM
apnfieaf qy hr sLihr qy ksby ivwc isMG sBfvF bxnIaF sLurU ho geIaF . jo swB
lfhOr isMG sBf nfl sMbMDq huMdIaF sn.
isMG sBf lihr df muK pRXojn iswK Drm df pRcfr hI sI, pr ies
dy nfl smyN dy vfqfvrn df asr qF Aus qy pYxf hI sI. keI QFeIN pujfrIaF dIaF
vDIkIaF qy kmjLorIaF ivruD vI avfjL AuTI, ijs qoN pujfrIaF ny gurduafiraF ivwc
iswMG sBf dy idvfn krn jF AuhnF dy afAux jfx Auqy kuJ bMdsLF lf idqIaF; pr isMG
sBf lihr dy pUry jobn qy hox kfrn pujfrI vI sihmy hoey sn qy bfbf Kym isMG jI
nUM vI hfnI ho rhI sI. ies smyN aMimRqsr isMG sBf qy lfhOr isMG sBf df JgVf KVHf
kIqf igaf. kuJ lokF ny pRo: gurmuK isMG qy igafnI idq isMG jI nUM aKOqI nIvI jfq
dy hox df ivqkrf pfieaf igaf. ieDroN iehnF vwloN vI bfbf Kym isMG jI dy ivruD
aKbfr ivc gurU zMm dI inKyDI kIqI geI .
igafnI idwq isMG jI hurF afrIaf smfj qy gurU zMmH ivruD
jLordfr mihMm sLurU kr idqI. aCUq AuDfr qy anMd ivvfh dy pRcfr df poRgrfm
bxfieaf aqy KMzy bfty df aMimRq Ckfieaf jfx lgf. ies smyN lfhOr ivwc pMjfbI pRYs
vI Kol idqf igaf. ies Kflsf aKbfr dy aYzItr igafnI idq isMG jI inXukq hoey. gurU
zMmH dy ivruD ‘Kflsf aKbfr’ df pRcfr bfbf Kym isMG jI hurF nUM sqf irhf sI.
kuJ smF qF isMG sBf lihr dy ivroDIaF dI kuJ pysL nf geI. jdoN PrIdkotIaF ny sRI
gurU gRMQ sfihb df tIkf krvfAux poRgrfm bxfieaf qF Aus vyly kOm dy kfPI ivdvfn
iekwTy hoey. AuQy bhuqy igafnI snfqnI iKaflF dy sn. pRo: gurmuK isMG jI ny ikhf
ik qusIN sRI gurU gRMQ sfihb dy arQF NnUM mKol nf smJo ik jo kuJ koeI cfhy arQ
kr dyvy. pRo:jI ny sfP qOr qy kih idqf ik snfqnI iKaflF dy igafnI sRI gurU gRMQ
sfihb dy TIk arQ nhIN kr skdy. Kym isMG jI snfqnI ivcfrF dy kfPI hfmI sn ies leI
AuhnF burf mnfieaf. 1886 eI: ivc kMvl ibkRm isMG jI dI mOq mgroN bydI sfihb ny
mIitMg bulfeI ijs ivwc isrP AuhnF dy hI hmfieqI sn. mokf vyK ky AuhnF PYslf kr
idqf ik pRo: gurmuK isMG jI nUM pMQ ivcoN Cyk idqf jfvy. so, 17 mfrc 1887 nUM
sRI akfl qKq dy hYz pujfrI, sRI drbfr sfihb, gurduafrf bfbf atl, JMzf buMgf qy
sLhId gMj dy pujfrIaF dy dsKqF hyT hukmnfmf jfrI kIqf igaf ik pRo: gurmuK isMG
iswKI qoN Cyky jFdy hn; ikAuNik AunFH ny sRI gurU gRMQ sfihb dy tIky ijhy mhfn
kMm ivc ivGn pfAux dI koisLsL kIqI hY.
ies srfsr njLfiejL vDIkI qy clfkI ny igafnI jI dy mn ivc
ienfH josL Br idqf ik AunFH ny notsF qy aKbfrF rFhIN Aus hukmnfmy dI purjLor
muKflPq krky Aus dIaF DjIaF Auzf idqIaF. igafnI jI ny iek "supTw nftk"
dy nfm Qly zrfmf iliKaf . Aus ivc hfs rs nfl ienFH pujfrIaF qy gurU zMmIaF dy
kfrnfimaF dI hU-b-hU qsvIr iKwc ky rwK idqI ik ikvyN ieh lok afpxy afp dI pUjf
lokF kolo krvfAuNdy hn.
Audy isMG bydI jI nUM awgy lfieaf igaf aqy igafnI jI ivruD
mukdmf clvfky pRYs qy aKbfr donoN bMd krvf idqy. aKLbfr qy pRYs bMd hox nfl ‘isMG
sBf lihr’ nUM BfrI nuksfn hoieaf. mukwdmy qoN ivhly huMidaF hI igafnI jI ny
iPr afpxIaf kooisLsLF jfrI kr idqIaF. pRo: gurmuK isMG jI ny ies kMm ivwc ihwsf
pfieaf. sMn 1890 ivwc pRYs qy aKLbfr iPr cflU ho gey.
ies qoN ielfvf gurbfxI qy guru BfvF dy arQF qy gurimq
iPlfsPLI bfry igafnI jI ny lyK ilKxy sLurU kr idwqy. pUry jor nfl ieh pRcfr kIqf
igaf ik ‘Dur kI bfxI’ dy huMidaF hor iksy dyhDfrI gurU dI loV nhIN.
AuhnF idnF ivc drbfr sfihb dI pRkrmF qy drsLnI izAuZI qy hor
keI QFeIN mUrqIaF peIaF huMdIaF sn. igafnI jI ny ies mnmq df KMzn kIqf qy buq
pUjf qoN iswKF nUM roikaf. ienFH dy ies pRcfr nfl drsLnI izAuZI ivwcoN pujfiraF
ny buq cuwk ley; pr pRkrmF ivwcoN akflI lihr smyN hI cuwky gey. Aus smyN sRI
akfl qKq qy drbfr sfihb pujfrIaF df kbjf sI, ies leI AuQy BfrI CUq-Cfq df iKafl
riKaf jFdf sI.
Aus smyN vI keI dMBI qy pKMzI lok gurmiq nUM glq mlq krn sRI
gurU gRMQ sfihb jI dy arQF dy anrQ kr rhy sn, ijs nfl mnmq df pRcfr ho irhf sI
qy bfxI dy aslI Bfv nhIN dwsy jFdy sn. igafnI jI ny gurbfxI dy gUVH arQF dI
ivafiKaf lyKF qy lYkcrF rFhIN krnI sLurU kIqI sI.
1890 eI: ivwc Kflsf kflj bxfAux dI gwl clI; pr JgVf KVHf ho
igaf ik kflj lfhOr bxy jF aMimRqsr . ies smyN sR: idafl isMG mjITf jo AuGy
srdfrF ivwcoN sn qy aOlfd nf hox krky lwKF rupey ies kfrj leI dyx dy ieCwk sn,
kflj df nFa ‘idafl isMG kflj’ rwKx qy hI shfieqf krn leI iqafr sn; pr igafnI
jI qy pRo: gurmuK isMG jI aVH gey ik kflj df nfm ‘Kflsf kflj’ hI hoxf cfhIdf
hY. ies ijd df Pfiedf afrIaf smfjI AuTf gey qy idafl isMG kflj lfhOr ivwc bxf
ilaf.
CyqI hI igafnI jI qy pRo: gurmuK isMG jI ny aMimRqsr Kflsf
kflj Kolx df pRbMD kr ilaf. jo 5 mfrc,1892 eI: nUM pMjfb dy lYPtInYNt gvrnr ny
‘Kflsf kflj’ df nINh pwQr rK idwqf . 22 akqUbr 1893 eI: nUM hfeI skUl dI
sLkl ivwc kflj dI afrMBk rsm adf kIqI geI.
1919-1925 eI: ivwc akflI lihr dy smyN iswK PLOjIaF ny jo ihsf
pfieaf sI, Auh igafnI jI dI iswKI dI guVHqI df hI Pl sI.
guriswKI leI ipafr qy sLrDf, gurbfxI df siqkfr qy inwq dy
jIvn ivwc gurbfxI hI iswK df jIvn afsrf hY, ienFH ivisLaF nUM pRgtfAux leI
igafnI jI ny anykF lYkcr kIqy, mjLbUn ilwKy. AunFH df bhuqf smF iswKI pRcfr vwl
hI lwgf irhf.
igafnI jI dy pRcfr dy ZMg sdkf kfPI ihMdU pRvfr vI iswKI ivwc
dfKl hoey sn. 1896 eI: ivwc isMG sBf dy moZI igafnI gurmuK isMG jI gurpurI pDfr
gey. AuDr igafnI jI dy Gr dy hflfq kfPI Krfb ho gey. ienFH dI spuqrI kfPI lMmI
bImfrI kfrn akfl clfxf kr geI, ijs dI bImfrI qy kfPI Krc kIqf igaf sI. ies krky
Gr dI hflq aiq nfjLk ho geI qy 1901 eI: ivwc aKbfr vI bMd ho igaf.
igafnI jI vI aMq ies sMsfr qoN 06 sMqbr, 1901 nUM kUc kr gey
qy kOm nUM ivlkidaf Cwz gey.
afE, AuhnF vwloN afrMBy gurmiq pRcfr nUM agy qorIey aqy iswKI
pihrfvy ivwc vwD rhy aKOqI sMq-sfD, gurU-zMmH, zyrfvfd qy AunFH vwloN gurbfxI df
BulyKf pf ky pRcfrI jf rhI kwcI bfxI qoN iswKF nUM jfgrUk krIey.
(hvflf-iswK imsLnrI kflj luiDafxI vwloN CfpI ikqfb ivwcoN)
gurU pMQ df dfs,
gursLrn isMG ksyl
knyzf