ivvykI iswKLI, srb-sFJf Drm
crnjIq isMG bwl
mnuwKI bOiDk igafn aqy ivgafn dy ivkfs nfl nfl aiDafqmk igafn,
Dfrimk sMklpF aqy sMskfrF ivc vI pirvrqn afAuNdf igaf. Drm dy do ivsLysL aMgF,
aiDafqmk igafn aqy ivsLvfs ivcoN ijwQy snfqn jF purfqn DrmF ivc ivsLvfs nUM
nvyklI QF pRdfn hY EQy nvyN DrmF ivc aiDafqmk igafn nUM vDyrY QF imlLI hoeI hY.
dunIaF dy pMj sRysLt DrmF ivcoN sfiraF nflLoN nvIn Drm hox krky iswKL Drm ivc
aiDafqmk igafn df bol bflf hY.
afid, purfqn aqy mwDkflI simaF ivc ivdvqf dI Gft kfrn mnuwKqf
dy hr Kyqr ivc aigafnqf df bol bflf sI. aigafnqf qoN aMDivsLvfs, aMnHIN sLrDf,
Brm BAu, mUrqI/ivakqI pUjf, blIdfn, Pokt krmkFz, kwtVpuxf, afid jnm lYNdy hn.
ies qwQ qoN kuitl Dfrimk afgU BlI pRkfr jfxU sn ik aMDivsLvfs aqy aMnHIN sLrDf
vs lokF nUM sOKf gumrfh kIqf jf skdf hY, aqy Auh ies qwQ nUM muwZ kdIm qoN injI
suafrQ leI mMqr vjoN vrqdy afey hn. lokfeI ivc aMDivsLvfs aqy aMnHI sLrDf kfiem
rwK ky luwt mfr ihq ihMdU Drm dy afgU bRfhmx ny ivdvqf aqy aiDafqmk igafnqf dy
aiDkfr bRfhmx, vYsL aqy KwqrI vrnF vfsqy rfKvyN rwKy hoey sn. jp qp jF vydF df
pfT sunx vfly sLUdR dy kMnF ivc iswkf ZflL ky pfAux aqy pfT pVnH vflLy dI jIB
kwtx jF Aus nUM mfrn dy dMz idwqy jfx bfry pVnH sunx ivc afAuNdf hY.
sLUdR nUM akl nf isKfvy, Drm df AupdysL nf kry, bRq afidk nf
dwwsy. jo sLUdR nUM ieh glF isKfANdf hY Auh anHyr Guwp nrk ivc jf pYNdf hY.
vissLt sMihqf
jo sLUdr jp, hom kry, rfjf Aus nUM mrvf dyvy. aiqR sMihqf
aiD:18
bRfhmx ny aMnHI sLrDf aqy aMDivsLvfs vs ihMdU smfj nUM nrk/surg,
pfp/pun, dfn, dsLnf, sLuB/asLuB grih/mhUrq, qIrQ asLnfn, Xwg, sLrfD, afid dy Brm
BulyiKaF ivc vI pfieaf hoieaf sI.
ieslfm dy kwtVpMQI Dfrimk afgU kfjLI, muwlF aqy rfjsI afgU vI
Drm dy nF qy lokF Auwqy aiqafcfr krdy sn. ihMdU jbrn muslmfn bxfey jFdy sn. dovF
DrmF dIaF iesqRIaF dI dsLf qrs-Xog sI.
qrksLIl aqy suDfrk gurU nfnk dyv jI nUM ieh aMDivsLvfsI Dfrimk
sMklp, sMskfr, krm aqy smfjk aiqafcfr prvfn nhIN sn. bfl avsQf ivc hI suDfrk
suBf vflLy hox krky AuhnF ny bVI dlyrI nfl Dfrimk aqy rfjsI afgUaF nUM vMgfiraf
hI nhIN sgoN AuhnF dy aMDivsLvfsI Dfrimk krmkFzF, kukrmF, pKMzF aqy smfjk
aiqafcfr dI nKyDI vI kIqI.
mfxs Kfxy krih invfj] CurI vgfiein iqn gil
qfg]
iqn Gir bRhmx pUrih nfd] AunHf iB afvih EeI sfd]
kUVI rfis kUVf
vfpfr] kuVu boil krih afhfru]
srm Drm kf zyrf dUir] nfnk kUVu rihaf BrpUir]
afsf dI vfr, m: 1 pnF 471
arQ:- (kfjLI qy muslmfn hfkm) hn qF vwZI Kor, pr pVHdy hn
nmfjLF. (iehnF dy munsLI KqRI) CurI clFdy hn (Bfv grIbF Auwqy jLulm krdy hn), pr
AuhnF dy gl ivc jnyAU hn. iehnF (jLflm KqRIaF) dy Gr ivc bRfhmx jf ky sMK vjFdy
hn, qF qy Auh bRfhmx vI AuhI (jLulm dI KwtI df) suafd mfxdy hn. ieh kUVI pUMjI
aqy kUVf vfpfr hY. kUV bol bol ky ieh inrbfh krdy hn. sLrm Drm df zyrf (iehnF dy
mnF qoN) dUr ho cukf hY. hy nfnk! sB QfeIN kUV hI vrq irhf hY. sRI: gR: gRM: sf:
drpn, sYNcI 3 pnF 671
mQY itkf qyiV DoqI kKfeI] hiQ CurI jgq
ksfeI]
nIl bsqR pihir hovih prvfxu] mlyC Dfnu ly pUjih purfxu] .
khu nfnk
scu iDafeIaY] suic hovY qf scu pfeIaY] afsf dI vfr, m: 1 pnF 471
arQ:- (ieh KqRI) mwQy Auwqy itkf lFdy hn, qyV gyrUey rMgI DoqI
(bMnHdy hn) pr hwQ ivc (mfno) ksfeI vFgUM CurI PVI hoeI hY (dfa lwgy jIaf Gfq
krdy hn) nIly kpVy pf ky (muslmfnI hfkmF dI nOkrI leI) prvfn huMdy hn. (ijnHF
nUM) mlyC (afKdy hn AuhnF qoN) aMn dfxf lYNdy hn aqy (Gr af ky) purfx pUjdy hn.
hy nfnk! afK, pRBU nUM iDafAuxf cfhIdf hY, qF hI suwcy hoeIdf hY aqy swcy pRBU
nUM pfeIdf hY. sYNcI 3, pnF 672-3
rfjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jfie jgfiein bYTy
suqy] cfkr nhdf pfiein GfAu] rqu ipqu kuiqho cit jfhu] ijQY jIaF hosI sfr] nkI
vZI lfieqbfr] rfgu mlfr kI vfr, m: 1, pnf 1288
arQ:- rfjy (mfno) sLyr hn (AuhnF dy) hfkm (mfno) kuwqy hn jo
bYTy suwqy lokF nUM jf jgFdy (duKI krdy) hn. (ieh) cfkr (mfno rfjy sLyrF dIaF)
nhuMdrF hn (jo lokF df) Gfq krdIaF hn, (rfjy sLINh iehnF mkwdm) kuwiqaF dI rfhIN
(lokF df) lhU pINdy hn. ijwQy jIvF (dy krmF) dI prK hoxI hY EQy nwk vwZy (ieh
rfj qy mukwdm) bypRqIqy (smJy jFdy hn) sRI gu: gRM: sf: drpn, sYNcI 9, pnF
321-2
Pokt Dfrimk krmkFz, BrmfAU rhurIqIaF, smfijk aqy rfjsI durfcfr,
iBRsLtfcfr, anrQ, aiqafcfr afid anuBv krn vflLy koml aqy suDfrk suBf gurU nfnk
dyv jI ny aduqI iswKL Drm dI nINh rwKI ijs ivc aiDafqmk ivvyk prcMz hY, aqy ijs
df �� dI gur-sLbd duafrf isPq sflfh krnI ivsLysL sMklp aqy isDFq hY. iswKL Drm
dy Kyqr ivc iqn hI pfqr hn, prmfqmf, iswKL (dI afqmf) aqy gurU (gRMQ sfihb).
iswKLI dy mUl sMklp �sLbd gurU� nUM gurU goibMd isMG sfihb ny �gurU mfinE gRMQ�
dy afdysL duafrf mUl iswKLI isDFq bxf idwqf. ivvykI iswKI ivc ies gurU gRMQ
sfihb dI qrjmfnI aqy ivafiKaf krn vflLy prcfrkF dI qF ivsLysL QF hY pr pujfrI,
mhMq, jQydfr, isMG sfihb, afid dI gurU sfihb ny koeI QF nhIN
rwKI.
msMd:- pr smyN dy nfl iswKL pMQ vI dMBI Dfrimk jrvfxy
afgUaF dy skMjy ivc afAuNdf irhf, jo bRfhmxf vflf mMqr �lokF nUM aigafq, aMnHIN
sLrDf qy aMDivsLfs vs rwKo qy gumrfh kro� vrqdy rhy hn. msMd (msnd) gurU sfihbfn
dy smyN hI iswKLF nUM gumrfh krn aqy Tgx lwg peY sn. dsmysL gurU goibMd isMG jI
ny afp hI AuhnF dIaF krqUqF vyK ky AuhnF qoN iswK pMQ nUM mukq kr idwqf sI.
mhMq:- aihmd sLfh abdflI dy GwlUGfry hmilaF
smyN (sMn 1762) qoN akqUbr 1920 qk gur-DfmF smyq iswKL pMQ dI vfg zor
AudfsI/inrmly mhMqF aqy pujfrIaF dy hwQF ivc rhI. ies smucI sLryxI vloN iswKLI
ivc vfiVaf avqfrvfd, bRfhmxvfd aqy gur-DfmF ivc pRcwlq mUrqI pUjf, joqsL, afid
kfrn sMn 1873 ivc isMG sBf hoNd ivc afeI, ijs dy moZIaF ivcoN pRo: gurmuK isMG
aqy igafnI idwq isMG sn. ienHF ny iswKLF ivc jfgrqI ilafAux aqy iswKLI nUM
kwtVpMQI afrIaf smfjI dXf nMd aqy iesfeI pRcfrkF dIaF ivroDI qfkqF qoN bcfAux df
bIVf cuikaf.
sMn 1883 ivc sRI akfl qKq dy muK grMQI bydI Kym isMG ny afpxy
afp nUM iswKF df gurU hox df ayYlfn kr idwqf aqy gurU gRMQ sfihb dI hjUrI ivc
gurgwdI lfky bYTx lg ipaf. pRo: gurmuK isMG ny bydI Kym isMG dI ies aiswK, krqUq
dI ivroDqf kIqI. sMn 1885 (keI ieiqhfskfrF anusfr sMn 1887) ivc ies ivroDqf kfrn
pRo: gurmuK isMG nUM qnKfhIaf krfr dy ky akfl qKq qoN hukmnfmf jfrI krky pMQ
ivcoN Cyk idwqf. dUsry qKqF aqy gurduafiraF dy mhMqF/pujfrIaF qoN vI ies qrHF dy
hukmnfmy jfrI krvf idwqy. sMn 1889 ivc pRo: gurmuK isMG aqy ig: idwq isMG jd QF
QF jf ky aMiMmRqsr Kflsf kflj bxfAux vfsqy cMdy iekwTy krn lgy qF bydI Kym isMG
dy DVy, ijs ivc mhMq, pujfrI, bydI/soZI aqy hor bfby/dyhDfrI gurU sn, ny
iesLiqhfr kwZy ik ieh donoN qnKfhIey hn, ies krky ienHF nUM cMdf nf idwqf
jfvy.
ieh hukmnfmf pRo: mnjIq isMG akfl qKq sfihb dy jQydfr ny sMn 1995 ivc
rwd krky pRo: gurmuK isMG nUM iswK kOm df swcf syvfdfr kih ky snmfinaF aqy bhfl
kIqf.
pRo: gurmuK isMG dy ivruD lfey dUsLxf ivcoN,
1) BfeI sfihb (Kym isMG vrgy soZI bydI) guraMs df snmfn nhIN
krdy.
2) isMG sBf dy jlsy ivc 24 (ihMdU) avqfrF dIaF qsvIrF df KMzn kIqf
igaf.
3) iek ihMdUEN muslmfn hoey sjwx nUM dIvfn lfhOr vwloN isMG sjfieaf
igaf.
4) BfeI sfihb ny �Kflsf aKbfr� dy iek prcy ivc iliKaf ik gurduafriaF
ivc sLsqR pUjf ihMdUaF dI dyKf dyKI kfrn sLurU hoeI hY, jo gurmiq ivruD hY.
jQydfr aqy isMG sfihbfn sLryxI
1920 ivc
gurduafrf suDfr lihr dy PlsrUp nvMbr aqy dsMbr ivc sLRomxI gurduafrf pRbMDk
kmytI aqy sLRomxI akflI dl hoNd ivc afey. iehnF dovF sMsQfvF dI hoNd qoN aKOqI
jQydfrF aqy isMG sfihbfn dI sLryxI dI Aupjq hoeI, ijs ny pujfrIaF aqy mhMqF dI
CuwtI hox qy iswK pMQ dI vfg zor afp sFB leI. 1976 ivc sLrDfvfn aqy sUJvfn iswK
ivdvfn igafnI Bfg isMG aMbflLf ny �dsm gRMQ inrxY� ilK ky aqy pRkfsLq krvf ky
iswK kOm nUM aKOqI dsm gRMQ dIaF imiQhfsk aqy aslIlL (kok sLfsqR kfmfsUqRf
vrgIaF) rcnfvF bfry jfgrq aqy sucyq krn df Audm kIqf. �dsm gRMQ inrxY� suBfvk hI
iswKL jgq dy ivvykI aqy aMiDivsLvsI DiVaF ivc crcf df ivsLf bx igaf. AuhnF idnF
ivc ieMdOr ivc igafnI Bfg isMG nfl hoey qkrfr kfrn BfeI sMq isMG mskIn nUM
suafrQ iswDI leI ies swjry crcq ivsLy nUM hiQafr vjoN vrqx dI ivDI suwJI.
BfeI sMq isMG mskIn ny afpxy chyqy isMG sfihb igafnI cyq isMG,
muK gRMQI hirmMdr sfihb df drvfjLf jf KVkfieaf. igafnI cyq isMG df akfl qKq dy
jQydfr, igafnI sfDU isMG (jo ies ilKfrI dy ipMz dy sn) nfl bhuq nyV sI. igafnI
Bfg isMG bfry ivcfr krn leI sLromxI kmytI vwloN sMgiTq kIqI geI 15 mYNbrI kmytI
dy muK pfqr isMG sfihb cyq isMG, jQydfrf sfDU isMG BOrf, isMG sfihb ajnohf,
ipRM: hrBjn isMG hmdrd, BfeI sLmsLyr isMG, afid sn. BfeI sLmsLyr isMG nUUM
igafnI Bfg isMG dy pwK vjoN bolx kfrn JfV pf ky mIitMg ivc cup krky bhf idwqf
igaf. pRiswD ivdvfn ipRM: hrBjn isMG dIaF qrksLIl dlIlF sdkf igafnI Bfg isMG dI
dsm gRMQ inrxY pRkfsLq krn qoN pihlF dsm gRMQ pRqI afpxIaF dlIlF pMQ sfhmxy nF
rKx krky alocnf kIqI geI pr AuhnF ivruD koeI kfrvfeI nF kIqI jfx df mqf pfs
hoieaf. pr ies mqy nfl BfeI sMq isMG mskIn dy mn nUM TMz nF peI. Aus ny aMdrgqI
isMG sfihb cyq isMG dy rfhIN akfl qKq dy jQydfr, igafnI sfDU isMG BOrf qoN
igafnI Bfg isMG nUM Cykx df hukmnfmf jfrI krvf idwqf. ipRM: hrBjn isMG aqy
igafnI surjIq isMG idwlI dy Audm df sdkf igafnI sfDU isMG BOrf ny mMn ilaf ik
ieh hukmnfmf glq jfrI kIqf igaf hY aqy Auh hukmnfmf rwd kr dyxgy. igafnI surjIq
isMG dy igafnI Bfg isMG nUM akfl qKq jQydfr igafnI sfDU isMG BOrf kolL lY ky jfx
qoN pihlF BfeI sMq isMG mskIn nUM ies dI sUh iml geI. Auh igafnI Bfg isMG nUM
afpxy krfey qy idwlI qoN aMimRqsr lY igaf aqy igafnI sfDU isMG Borf, BfeI sMq
isMG mskIn, afid ny igafnI Bfg isMG qoN DoKy nfl iek sfDfrn kfgjL Auwqy dsqKq
krvf ley.
igafnI sfDU isMG BOrf vwloN pihlF iqafr kIqy kfgjL, ijs Auwqy
nF akfl qKq dI Cfp aqy nMbr afid sI, dsqKq krn lwigaF bjLurg igafnI Bfg isMG
dIaF aYnkF izg peIaF. Auh aYnkF cukx lwgy qF BfeI sMq isMG mskIn aqy igafnI sfDU
isMG BOrf akwTy bol pey "Cwzo igafnI jI, qhfnUM sfzy qy XkIn nhIN? dsqKq kro qy
dyg krfE."
kfrvfeI qoN mgroN jd igafnI Bfg isMG ny piVHaf ik, "igafnI Bfg
isMG ny dsm gRMQ ivclI cOpeI bfry muafPI mMg leI hY" qF AhnF dIaF awKF ivc aQrU
af gey aqy AuhnF ikhf, "mskIn qUM myry nfl DoKf kIqf hY."
hux ajoky isMG sfihbfn aqy jQydfr iswKL pMQ
ivroDI jQybMdIaF rfsLtRIaf svYXm sMG, Aus dy mdeI gurcrnjIq isMG lFbf, kwtVpMQI
iswKL jQybMdIaF sMq smfj, tksflF, iswK PyzrysLn, aKMz kIrqnI jQf, afid dI
Auksfht qy pRo: gurmuK isMG aqy igafnI Bfg isMG vFgUM s: gubKsL isMG kflfaPgfnf
nUM Cykx dy jqnF vjoN Kym isMG bydI, igafnI cyq isMG, igafnI sfDU isMG, BfeI sMq
isMG mskIn, afid vfly pYNqVy bnH rhy hn.
hux purfqn smyN dy tfkry iswKL jgq ivc vDyry jfgrqI krky s:
gurbKsL isMG kflfaPgfnf dy Cykx nfl ieh hux ivvykI iswK sMdysL df pRcfr bMd nhIN
kr skxgy. jy ieh awKF qoN jQydfrI qy isMG sfihbfnI dy Kopy lfh ky vyKx qF s:
gurbKsL isMG kflf aPgfnf vrgy hor keI ivvykI iswKL ivdvfn gurbfxI dI loa ivc
aKOqI gRMQF, guriblfs, dsm gRMQ, afid dIaF imiQhfsk qy aslIl rcnfvF df KMzn kr
rhy hn. swc qF ieh hY ik �ihMdU dy gurU, muslmfn dy pIr� jgq gurU nfnk dI
srb-sFJI iswKLI ivcoN iksy nUM Cykxf qF iek pfsy, iksy nUM hukmnfmf jfrI krn df
aiDkfr hI nhIN hY.
gurU sfihbfn vwloN kyvl isMG sfihbfn/jQydfrF dI pUrv-aiDkfrI
sLryxI, msMdF qoN Cuwt iksy iswK nUM Cykx dI jfnkfrI nhIN imldI. hor DrmF dy
durkfry hoey vrnF nUM srb-sFJI iswKLI dI Cqr Cfieaf pRdfn krn vfly gurU sfihbfn
ny kdI soicaf vI nhIN hovygf ik iek idn iswKLI ivroDI qfkqF nUM cxOqI dyx aqy
iswKI ivcfrDfrf dy pRiqkUl aKOqI gRMQF df KMzn krn vfly ivvykI iswKL ivvfnF nUM
aKOqI isMG sfihbfn/ijQydfr Cyk dyxgy. gurbfxI ivc hukm sLbd kyvl prmfqmf dy Bfxy
pRqI vriqaf igaf hY. aqy nF hI gurU sfihbfn ny hukmnfmf sLbd dI vrqoN kIqI hY.
AuhnF ny sLbd, vfk, bcn, afid hI iswKL nUM iswiKaf vjoN vrqy hn.
gurU hir goibMd sfihb ny sMn 1608/9 ivc akfl buMgf, ijs df nfm
akfl qKq pqf nhIN kdoN qoN rwiKaf igaf, iswKL jgq dI lok BlfeI leI bxfieaf sI nF
ik iek hAUaf rUpI jQydfr df asQfn. sMn 1630 ivc gurU hir goibMd jI dy aMimRqsr
Cwz ky krqfrpur cly jfx qoN mgroN iksy gurU sfihb dy crn hirmMdr sfihb smuh ivc
nhIN pey. sMn 1920 qk hirmMdr sfihb smuh dy muK syvfdfr pujfrI, gRMQI, mhMq,
srbrfh, afid huMdy sn. akqUbr 1920 ivc pujfrIaF dy Bwj jfx kfrn suMJyN akfl qKq
dI rfKI vjoN iswK sMgq vwloN inXukq kIqy jwQy dy muKI qyjf isMG Buwcr nUM jQydfr
dy pd nfl sMboDn kiqf igaf. ies qoN mgroN akfl qKq dy muK syvfr df pd jQydfr
pwkf ho igaf. sMn 1972 qoN s: gurcrn isMG tOhrf dy 25 sfl dI sLRomxI kmytI
dI pRDfngI smyN kmytI vwloN inXukq kIqy akfl qKq dy muK syvfdfr nUM kdI BfeI
rxjIq isMG vFgUM akfl purK vjoN snmfinaf igaf qy kdy pRo: drsLn isMG vFgUM
drukfiraf igaf.
rfsLtRIaf svYXm sMG vrgIaF iswKI ivroDI
qfkqF nUM cxOqI dyx aqy iswKI ivcfrDfrf dy pRiqkUl aKOqI gRMQF guriblfs, dsm
gRMQ, afid dIaF imiQhqsk aqy asLlIl rcnfvF df KMzn krn vfly ivvykI iswKL ivdvfnF
nUM dMz dyx aqy Cykx vfilaF nUM afAux vflIaF iswK pIVHIaF kdy muafP nhIN
krngIaF.
hor ivsQfr sihq jfnkfrI leI myrI vYb sfeIt